THE NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS BETWEEN HALOGENOALKANES AND HYDROXIDE IONS

This page gives you the facts and simple, uncluttered mechanisms for the nucleophilic substitution reactions between halogenoalkanes and hydroxide ions (from, for example, sodium hydroxide). If you want the mechanisms explained to you in detail, there is a link at the bottom of the page.

The facts

If a halogenoalkane is heated under reflux with a solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide, the halogen is replaced by -OH and an alcohol is produced. Heating under reflux means heating with a condenser placed vertically in the flask to prevent loss of volatile substances from the mixture.

The solvent is usually a 50/50 mixture of ethanol and water, because everything will dissolve in that. The halogenoalkane is insoluble in water. If you used water alone as the solvent, the halogenoalkane and the sodium hydroxide solution wouldn't mix and the reaction could only happen where the two layers met.

For example, using 1-bromopropane as a typical primary halogenoalkane:

You could write the full equation rather than the ionic one, but it slightly obscures what's going on:

The bromine (or other halogen) in the halogenoalkane is simply replaced by an -OH group - hence a substitution reaction. In this example, propan-1-ol is formed.

The mechanism

Here is the mechanism for the reaction involving bromoethane:

This is an example of nucleophilic substitution.

Because the mechanism involves collision between two species in the slow step (in this case, the only step) of the reaction, it is known as an S_N2 reaction.

If your examiners want you to show the transition state, draw the mechanism like this:

The facts

The facts of the reaction are exactly the same as with primary halogenoalkanes. If the halogenoalkane is heated under reflux with a solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide in a mixture of ethanol and water, the halogen is replaced by -OH, and an alcohol is produced.

For example:

Or if you want the full equation rather than the ionic one:

The mechanism

This mechanism involves an initial ionisation of the halogenoalkane:

followed by a very rapid attack by the hydroxide ion on the carbocation (carbonium ion) formed:

This is again an example of nucleophilic substitution.

This time the slow step of the reaction only involves one species - the halogenoalkane. It is known as an S_N1 reaction.

The facts

The facts of the reaction are exactly the same as with primary or tertiary halogenoalkanes. The halogenoalkane is heated under reflux with a solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide in a mixture of ethanol and water.

For example:

The mechanism

Secondary halogenoalkanes use both S_N2 and S_N1 mechanisms. For example, the S_N2 mechanism is:

Should you need it, the two stages of the S_N1 mechanism are: